สถิติเดือนเมษายน 2557
- CHINA - 531,947
- JAPAN - 179,593
- UNITED STATES - 70,195
- HONG KONG - 55,795
- TAIWAN - 51,360
- THAILAND - 46,365
- PHILIPPINES - 45,529
ไทยติดอันดับ 5 นักท่องเที่ยวของญี่ปุ่น
1-2 By country and region
Person
| Feb 2014 | yoy | Mar 2014 | yoy | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Korea | 231,500 | -1.2% | 192,100 | -7.2% |
| Taiwan | 191,200 | +27.2% | 208,500 | +41.4% |
| China | 138,400 | +71.1% | 184,200 | +80.1% |
| Hong Kong | 64,700 | +14.4% | 64,400 | +8.4% |
| Thailand | 34,300 | +72.5% | 71,100 | +58.5% |
| Singapore | 10,400 | +2.6% | 16,400 | +22.3% |
| Australia | 26,600 | +25.1% | 21,300 | -5.6% |
| The entire USA | 52,000 | +14.3% | 80,900 | +7.1% |
| Canada | 11,400 | +7.6% | 16,100 | +6.4% |
| The entire UK | 14,800 | +13.5% | 20,000 | -8.4% |
| Germany | 9,000 | +15.2% | 13,800 | +4.6% |
| France | 8,900 | +5.4% | 15,800 | +21% |
Myasthenia gravis : drugs to avoid
A simple way to remember the drugs that should be used with caution in myasthenia gravis is the “14 A’s”:4-7
| ACTH and corticosteroids | prednisone |
| Analgesics | narcotics |
| Anesthetics, local | cocaine, procaine, lidocaine, bupivacaine, prilocaine |
| Antacids or laxatives containing magnesium | Maalox, Mylanta |
| Antiarrhythmics | quinidine, lidocaine, procainamide |
| Antibiotics | aminoglycosides, quinolones, telithromycin, azithromycin, erythromycin, clindamycin, ampicillin, imipenem, vancomycin, metronidazole |
| Anticonvulsants | phenytoin |
| Antihypertensives | beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers |
| Antimanics | lithium salts |
| Antipsychotics | chlorpromazine |
| Antirheumatic | chloroquine |
| Arthritis agents | penicillamine-induced myasthenia gravis |
| All neuromuscular blocking agents | |
| Antimalarials | chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine |
Table 1. Medications to be used with caution in myasthenia gravis.3-7
| Drug | Onset (from initiation) | Resolution |
| Prednisone | 1 to 2 weeks | 1 to 20 days |
| Streptomycin | 15 min to 1.5 hours | <24 hours |
| Iodinated contrast media | minutes | 2 to 48 hours |
| Botulinum toxin | minutes | 2 weeks |
| Procainamide | 2 days to 2 weeks | 12 hours to 10 days |
| Erythromycin | During infusion; 30 minutes after dose | 2 to 3 days |
| Ciprofloxacin | 4 hours to 2 days | Several days |
| Ampicillin | 12 hours to several days | 48 hours |
| Quinidine | 72 hours | 48 hours |
| Lithium | 10 days to 3 months | 3 to 4 days |
| Timolol, acebutolol, propranolol, oxprenolol, practolol | 24 hours to several days | 24 hours to 8 weeks |
| Penicillamine | 8 months | 6 to 10 months |
| Chloroquine | 1 week – 3.5 years | 5 days to 14 weeks |
| Phenytoin | 4 to 6 years | 2 to 3 months |
| Imipenem-cilastin | 2 days | 48 hours |
| Verapamil | 4 days | 2 weeks |
| Trimethaphan | 2 to 17 hours | |
| Procaine | 7 minutes | |
| Lidocaine | 7 minutes | |
| Aprotinin | during infusion | 10 to 90 minutes |
| Levocarnitine | 3 weeks | resolved after edrophonium |
http://dig.pharm.uic.edu/faq/myasthenia.aspx
Cellulitis Empiric Therapy
Cellulitis without associated purulent drainage or abscess
Outpatient treatment recommendations:
- Dicloxacillin 500 mg PO q6h for 10-14d or
- Cephalexin 500 mg PO q6h for 10-14d or
- Amoxicillin-clavulanate 875 mg/125 mg PO BID for 10-14d
Inpatient treatment recommendations:
- Cefazolin 1 g IV q8h for 1-3d
Cellulitis with purulent drainage and/or abscess
Outpatient treatment recommendations (coverage against CA-MRSA):
- Doxycycline 100 mg PO BID for 10-14d (not for use in pregnant women or in children)
- Clindamycin 300-600 mg PO q8h for 10-14d
- Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (160 mg/800 mg) DS 2 tabs PO BID for 10-14d
Inpatient treatment recommendations:
- Vancomycin 15 mg/kg IV q12h for 1-3d
Empiric therapy for mammalian bite wounds
Outpatient treatment recommendations:
- Amoxicillin-clavulanate 875 mg/125 mg PO BID for 10-14d or
- Doxycycline 100 mg PO BID for 10-14d or
- Cephalexin 500 mg TID for 10-14d
Inpatient treatment recommendations:
- Ampicillin-sulbactam 3 g IV q6h for 1-3d; then transition to oral medication or
- Cefazolin 1 g q8h for 1-3d
Diabetic foot ulcers
Outpatient treatment recommendations:
- Clindamycin 300-600 mg PO q8h for 10-14d
Inpatient treatment recommendations:
- Piperacillin-tazobactam 3.375 g IV q6h for 1-3d
Failure of empiric therapy
Reassess for unusual elements of history that suggest an unusual cause, such as injury in water (salt or fresh), immunocompromise, or bite wound
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2012280-overview